Central Nervous System
Pathology
Imaging
Treatment of Central Nervous System Tumours
Individual Tumours
References
Ocular and Adnexal Tumours
Paediatric Tumours
Other Paediatric Tumours
Adult Tumours
References
Head and Neck Cancer
Introduction
Organization of Services for Patients
Incidence
Head and Neck Cancer Is a Global Problem
Outcome
Aetiology
Problem of Second Primary Tumours
Strategies for Prevention
General Principles of Surgery
General Principles of Radiotherapy
General Principles of Combined Treatment in Head and Neck Carcinoma
Palliative Care
Staging and Prognosis
Assessment of Patients
Role of Prophylactic Treatment to the Neck In Patients with Clinical
Negative Neck and Primary Tumours of the Head and Neck
Management of Potentially Operable Cervical Lymphadenopathy
Treatment of Inoperable Nodal Disease After Previous Radiotherapy
Carcinoma of the Lip
Tumours of the Oral Cavity
Carcinoma of the Oropharynx
Hypopharynx
Posterior Pharyngeal Wall
Larynx
Nasopharynx
Tumours of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
Tumours of the Ear
Rare and Unusual Tumours of the Head and Neck
References
Thyroid
Introduction
Epidemiology
Aetiology
Pathogenesis
Pathology and Natural History
Diagnostic Evaluation
Tumour, Nodes, Metastases
Management of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Radioactive Iodine Ablation of Residual Thyroid Tissue
Follow-Up
Treatment of Metastatic Disease
Dosimetry of 131I Therapy
Complications of Radioiodine Treatment
External-Beam Radiotherapy and Systemic Therapies
Management of Anaplastic Carcinoma
Management of Medullary Thyroid Cancer
Management of Thyroid Lymphoma
Future Prospects
References
Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Tumours
Apud Concept and Apudomas
Pituitary Tumours
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Gastro-Entero-Pancreatic Endocrine Tumours
Carcinoid Tumours
General Oncology Principles for Systemic Management of Net
Phaeochromocytoma
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
Parathyroid Adenoma and Carcinoma
Adrenocortical Tumours
References
Bibliography
Breast Cancer
Epidemiology
Identification of High-Risk Groups
Breast Cancer Chemoprevention
Presentation and Investigation
Staging
Screening
Molecular Genetics
Pathology
Surgery for Early Breast Cancer
Adjuvant Treatment
Locally Advanced Disease
Loco-Regional Recurrence
Secondary Breast Cancer
Complications of Metastatic Breast Cancer
Acknowledgements
References
Lung Cancer
Epidemiology and Aetiology
Classification
Prevention and Screening
Diagnosis and Staging
Management of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Management of Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Palliative Care
References
Oesophageal Cancer
Introduction
Epidemiology and Aetiological Factors
Clinical Manifestations
Management of Localized (Operable) Oesophageal Cancer
Management of Locally Advanced Oesophageal Cancer
Management of Advanced Oesophageal Cancer
References
Bibliography
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Introduction
Incidence
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
References
Pancreas
Incidence and Mortality
Aetiology
Genetics
Anatomy
Pathology and Staging
Symptoms and Signs
Natural History
Investigation
Treatment
Special Considerations in the Management of Pancreatic Cancer
References
Biliary Tract
Tumours of the Bile Duct (Cholangiocarcinoma)
Gall Bladder Cancer
Future Trends
References
Gastric Cancer
Incidence
Aetiology
Diagnosis
Pathology
Molecular Pathogenesis
Staging
Treatment
Future Directions
References
Bladder Cancer
Introduction
Epidemiology
Aetiology
Genetics of Bladder Cancer
Pathology
Clinical Presentation and Investigation
Management
Management of Low-Grade Superficial Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
High-Grade Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Radiotherapy and Systemic Treatments for Superficial Disease
Management of Invasive Bladder Cancer
Adjuvant Chemotherapy
Surgical Treatment
Radiotherapy in the Management of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Management of Advanced Disease
Bibliography
References
Prostate Cancer
Introduction
Epidemiology and Aetiology
Prevention and Screening
Pathogenesis
Pathology and Staging
Clinical Features
Diagnosis and Staging
Principles of Management
Management of Organ-Confined Disease
Management of Locally Advanced Disease
Management of Recurrent Disease After Radical Local Therapy
Management of Metastatic Disease
Concluding Remarks
References
Colorectal Cancer
Introduction
Incidence and Cause
Diagnosis and the Multidisciplinary Team
Pathology of Colorectal Tumours
Molecular Pathogenesis of Colorectal Carcinoma
Pathology of Invasive Colorectal Cancers
Treatment
Follow-Up After Initial Treatment
Summary and Future Developments
National Health Service Guidelines
Conclusions
References
Bibliography
Anus
Anatomy
Pathology
Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Presentation
Diagnostic Work-Up and Staging
Management
Lymph-Node Metastases
Prognostic Factors and Outcome
Extra-Pelvic Metastases
Radiation Therapy Alone
Surgery
Non–Squamous Cell Cancers
Peri-Anal Cancer
Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
References
Germ-Cell Cancer of the Testis and Related Neoplasms
Introduction
Background
Diagnosis and Staging
Assessment and Staging of Disease
Serum Markers
Stage 1 Disease and Risk of Relapse
Treatment
Metastatic Disease
Complications of Treatment
References
Renal Cell Cancer
Introduction and Epidemiology
Classification of Renal Tumours
Inherited Syndromes and the Molecular Biology of Renal Cell Carcinoma
Risk Factors
Clinical Features
Clinical Evaluation and Staging
Localized Disease
Disease Relapse
Metastatic Disease – Surgical Management
Metastatic Disease – Prognostic Factors
Metastatic Disease – Non Surgical Management
Treatment Options in Non-Clear Cell Histology
Sequencing of Treatments: First-Line, Second-Line and Beyond
Conclusion
References
Ovary and Fallopian Tubes
Epithelial Tumours of the Ovary
Low Malignant Potential Tumours of the Ovary
Non-Epithelial Tumours of the Ovary
References
Endometrial Cancer
Pathogenesis
Histopathology
Pathologic Features Affecting Prognosis
Investigation
Staging and Tumour Classification
Treatment
Follow-Up
References
Bibliography
Cervix
Incidence and Causes
Pathology
Prevention and Treatment of Pre-Invasive Disease
Cervical Screening
Clinical Features of Invasive Carcinoma of the Cervix
Investigations for Invasive Disease
Staging and Prognostic Factors
Treatment
Complications of Treatment
New Developments
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Carcinoma of the Vagina and Vulva
Carcinoma of Vagina
Carcinoma of the Vulva
References
Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia
Introduction
Genetics and Pathology
Epidemiology and Aetiological Factors
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin
Clinical Features
Management and Investigations
Summary
References
Bibliography
Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer
Introduction
Aetiology
Familial Skin Cancer Syndromes
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
Pre-Malignant Conditions
Actinic Keratosis and Bowen’s Disease
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Primary Cutaneous Lymphoma
Primary Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
Primary Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphoma
Other Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers
Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
References
Malignant Melanoma
Introduction
Epidemiology
Aetiology
Prevention
Tumour Biology
Diagnosis
Pathology
Staging and Prognosis
Treatment of Primary Melanoma
Loco-Regional Recurrent Disease
Distant Metastatic Disease
Targeted Therapies
NRAS Mutated Melanoma
Kit Mutated Melanoma
Targeted Agents in Uveal Melanoma
Systemic Therapies
Conclusions
References
Primary Bone Tumours
Introduction
Incidence and Aetiology
General Principles of Management
Osteosarcoma
Ewing Sarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
Other Primary Bone Tumours
Key References
References
Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Introduction
Aetiology
Clinical Evaluation
Pathology
Staging
Management of the Extremity, Trunk, or Head and Neck Primary Tumour
Adjuvant Chemotherapy
Functional Outcome
Treatment of Local Recurrence
Radiotherapy Alone
Treatment of Unresectable or Locally Advanced Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Management of the Retroperitoneal Primary Lesion
Treatment of Metastatic Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Management of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours
Desmoid Tumours
References
Leukaemias
Introduction
Acute Leukaemias
Chronic Leukaemias
Acknowledgements
References
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Introduction
Diagnosis, Staging and Choice of Treatment
First-Line Treatment
Treatment of Relapsed Hodgkin Lymphoma
Special Considerations
New Drugs
Acknowledgements
Key References
References
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Epidemiology and Risk Factors, Classification, Staging and Molecular Pathogenesis of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Aggressive Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Primary Mediastinal (Thymic) Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Central Nervous System Lymphoma and Prophylactic Central Nervous System Chemotherapy
Burkitt Lymphoma
Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Human Immunodeficiency Virus - Associated Lymphoma
Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma
Indolent Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Marginal Zone Lymphoma
Future Developments
Key Reference
References
Multiple Myeloma
Introduction
Incidence and Aetiology
Pathogenesis and Biology
Clinical Features and Complications
Investigation, Diagnosis and Staging
Prognostic Factors and Staging
Course of the Disease
When to Start Treatment and Criteria For Response
General Aspects of Care
Myeloma Therapy
Radiotherapy
High-Dose Therapy and Stem-Cell Transplantation
Maintenance and Consolidation Therapy
Bisphosphonates
Refractory and Relapsed Disease
New Approaches to Treatment
Other Related Conditions
References
Paediatric Oncology
General Introduction
Epidemiology of Childhood Cancer
Childhood Leukaemia
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Burkitt’s Lymphoma and Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Precursor T- and B-Cell Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Liver Cancers
Neuroblastoma
Ewing’s Family Tumours
Treatment
Osteosarcoma
Renal Tumours
Staging Investigations
Malignant Germ Cell Tumours
Non–Central Nervous System Tumours
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Central Nervous System Tumours
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumours
Astrocytic Tumours
Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumours
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumours
Astrocytic Tumours
Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumours
Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumours
Central Nervous System Tumours In Infants and Very Young Children
Organ Toxicity
Psychological Aspects of Childhood Cancer
Management of Acute Neurological Complications
References
AIDS–Related Malignancy
Introduction
Aids-Defining Malignancies
Non-Aids – Defining Malignancies
Other Non-Aids – Defining Malignancies
Castleman’s Disease
References
Clinical Cancer Genetics
Introduction
Cancer Pre-Disposition Genes
Research Approaches For the Identification of Cancer Pre-Disposition Genes
Cancer Risks Associated With Cancer Pre-Disposition Genes
Management of A Known Or Suspected Cancer Pre-Disposition Gene Mutation Carrier
Summary
Key References
References
Lifestyle Factors in Cancer Survivorship
Adiposity and Weight Gain
Diet and Dietary Supplements
Foods Supplements
Carcinogen Avoidance
Smoking
Alcohol
Physical Activity After Cancer
Evidence that Physical Activity Improves Survival and Reduces Relapse Rates
Summary
References
