Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.
Contents
Reviewers vi
Preface vii
Acknowledgments ix
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO HISTOLOGIC TECHNIQUES 1
Light Microscopy 1
Terminology of Staining for Light Microscopy 1
Common Stains Used in Histology 2
Transmission Electron Microscopy 2
Scanning Electron Microscopy 6
Interpreting Microscopic Sections 6
CHAPTER 2 CELL BIOLOGY 7
Plasmalemma 8
Cytoplasm 9
Mitochondria 9
Ribosomes 10
Endoplasmic Reticulum 10
Golgi Apparatus 10
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-1
10
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-2
12
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-3
13
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-4
17
Endosomes 17
Lysosomes 17
Peroxisomes 17
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-5
20
Proteasomes 20
Cytoskeleton 20
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-6
21
Inclusions 21
Nucleus 21
Nucleolus 22
Chromatin and Chromosomes 22
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-7
23
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-8
23
Cell Cycle 23
Mitosis 24
Meiosis 24
Necrosis and Apoptosis 25
PLATE Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.
2-2A Cell Organelles and Inclusions 29
2-2B Cell Organelles and Inclusions 30
2-3A Cell Surface Modifications 31
2-3B Cell Surface Modifications 32
2-4A Mitosis, Light and Electron Microscopy 33
2-4B Mitosis, Light and Electron Microscopy 34
2-5 Typical Cell, Electron Microscopy 35
Chapter Review Questions 36
CHAPTER 3 EPITHELIUM AND GLANDS 37
Epithelial Tissue 38
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics 38
Epithelial Tissue Classification 39
Epithelial Cell Membrane Specializations 41
Glands 45
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 3-1
46
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 3-2
46
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 3-3
47
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 3-4
47
PLATE
3-1A Simple Epithelia and Pseudostratified Epithelium 49
3-1B Simple Epithelia and Pseudostratified Epithelium 50
3-2 Stratified Epithelium and Transitional Epithelium 51
3-3A Epithelial Junctions, Electron Microscopy 52
3-3B Epithelial Junctions, Electron Microscopy 53
3-4A Glands 54
3-4B Glands 55
3-4C Glands 56
3-4D Glands 57
Selected Review of Histologic Images 58
Review Plate 3-1A 58
Review Plate 3-1B 59
Review Plate 3-1C 60
Summary of Histologic Organization 61
I. Epithelium 61
A. Types 61
B. General Characteristics 61
II. Glands 61
A. Exocrine Glands 61
B. Endocrine Glands 61
Chapter Review Questions 62
CHAPTER 4 CONNECTIVE TISSUE 63
Extracellular Matrix 64
Fibers 64
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 4-1
66Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 4-2
67
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 4-3
67
Ground Substance 67
Cells 68
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 4-4
69
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 4-5
71
Connective Tissue Types 71
Mesenchymal and Mucous Connective Tissues 72
Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue 73
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue 73
Dense Regular Connective Tissue 74
Reticular Connective Tissue 74
Elastic Connective Tissue 75
Adipose Tissue 75
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 4-6
76
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 4-7
76
PLATE
4-1 Fibroblasts and Collagen, Transmission Electron Microscopy 77
4-2 Mast Cell, Transmission Electron Microscopy 78
4-3 Mast Cell Degranulation, Electron Microscopy 79
4-4 Developing Fat Cell, Transmission Electron Microscopy 80
4-5 Connective Tissues 81
4-6 Connective Tissues 82
4-7 Connective Tissues and Cells 83
Selected Review of Histologic Images 84
Review Plate 4-1A 84
Review Plate 4-1B 85
Summary of Histologic Organization 86
I. Embryonic Connective Tissue 86
A. Mesenchymal Connective Tissue (Mesenchyme) 86
B. Mucous Connective Tissue 86
II. Connective Tissue Types 86
A. Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue 86
B. Reticular Connective Tissue 86
C. Adipose Tissue 86
III. Extracellular Matrix 86
A. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue 87
B. Dense Regular Connective Tissue 87
C. Elastic Connective Tissue 87
Chapter Review Questions 88
CHAPTER 5 CARTILAGE AND BONE 89
Cartilage 90
Cartilage Extracellular Matrix 90
Cartilage Cellular Component 90Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.
Cartilage Growth 91
Cartilage Types 92
Bone 93
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 5-1
94
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 5-2
94
Bone Extracellular Matrix 94
Periosteum and Endosteum 96
Bone Cells 97
Osteogenesis 98
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 5-3
101
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 5-4
101
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 5-5
103
Hormonal Influences on Bone 103
PLATE
5-1A Cartilage 104
5-1B Cartilage 105
5-2A Bone 106
5-2B Bone 107
5-2C Bone 108
5-3B Cells of the Bone 109
5-3B Cells of the Bone 110
5-3B Cells of the Bone 111
Selected Review of Histologic Images 112
Review Plate 5-1A 112
Review Plate 5-1B 113
Review Plate 5-2 114
Summary of Histologic Organization 115
I. Cartilage 115
A. Embryonic Cartilage 115
B. Hyaline Cartilage 115
C. Elastic Cartilage 115
D. Fibrocartilage 115
II. Bone 115
A. Compact Bone 115
B. Cancellous (Spongy, Medullary) Bone 116
C. Osteogenesis 116
Chapter Review Questions 117
CHAPTER 6 BLOOD AND HEMOPOIESIS 118
Blood 119
Formed Elements of Blood 119
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 6-1
120
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 6-2
120
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 6-3
122
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 6-4
123Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 6-6
124
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 6-7
124
Plasma and Serum 125
Hemopoiesis 125
Erythrocytic Series 126
Granulocytic Series 126
Lymphoid Series 126
Hemopoietic Growth Factors 127
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 6-8
127
PLATE
6-1A Circulating Blood 129
6-1B Circulating Blood 130
6-2 Circulating Blood (Drawing) 131
6-3 Blood and Hemopoiesis 132
6-4A Bone Marrow 133
6-4B Blood Smear and Bone Marrow Smear 134
6-5 Erythropoiesis 135
6-6 Granulocytopoiesis 136
Selected Review of Histologic Images 137
Review Plate 6-1A 137
Review Plate 6-1B 138
Review Plate 6-2A 139
Review Plate 6-2B 140
Summary of Histologic Organization 141
I. Circulating Blood 141
A. Erythrocytes (RBC) 141
B. Agranulocytes 141
C. Granulocytes 141
D. Platelets 141
E. Erythrocytic Series 141
F. Granulocytic Series 142
Chapter Review Questions 143
CHAPTER 7 MUSCLE 144
Skeletal Muscle 146
Myofilaments 146
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 7-1
148
Sliding Filament Model of Skeletal Muscle Contraction 148
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 7-2
151
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 7-3
152
Skeletal Muscle Motor Innervation 152
Cardiac Muscle 153
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 7-4
155
Morphologic Components of Cardiac Muscle Cells 155
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 7-5
156Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.
PLATE
7-1A Skeletal Muscle 158
7-1B Skeletal Muscle 159
7-2 Skeletal Muscle, Electron Microscopy 160
7-3A Myoneural Junction, Light Microscopy 161
7-3B Myoneural Junction, Electron Microscopy 162
7-4 Muscle Spindle, Light and Electron Microscopy 163
7-5A Smooth Muscle 164
7-5B Smooth Muscle 165
7-6 Smooth Muscle, Electron Microscopy 166
7-7A Cardiac Muscle 167
7-7B Cardiac Muscle 168
7-8 Cardiac Muscle, Electron Microscopy 169
Selected Review of Histologic Images 170
Review Plate 7-1A 170
Review Plate 7-1B 171
Review Plate 7-2A 172
Review Plate 7-2B 173
Review Plate 7-3A 174
Review Plate 7-3B 175
Summary of Histologic Organization 176
I. Skeletal Muscle 176
A. Longitudinal Section 176
B. Transverse Section 176
II. Cardiac Muscle 176
A. Longitudinal Section 176
B. Transverse Section 176
III. Smooth Muscle 176
A. Longitudinal Section 176
B. Transverse Section 176
Chapter Review Questions 177
CHAPTER 8 NERVOUS TISSUE 178
Nervous System 178
Neurons 179
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 8-1
183
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 8-2
183
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 8-3
184
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 8-4
184
Histologic Basis for Neuroanatomy 184
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 8-5
185
Membrane Resting Potential 186
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 8-6
187
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 8-7
187
Action Potential 188Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.
Blood–Brain Barrier 190
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 8-8
192
PLATE
8-1 Central Nervous System 193
8-2 Cerebrum and Neuroglial Cells 194
8-3 Sympathetic Ganglia and Sensory Ganglia 195
8-4 Peripheral Nerve 196
8-5 Peripheral Nerve, Electron Microscopy 197
8-6 Neuron Cell Body, Electron Microscopy 198
Selected Review of Histologic Images 199
Review Plate 8-1 199
Review Plate 8-2A 200
Review Plate 8-2B 201
Summary of Histologic Organization 202
I. Neurons 202
A. Cell Body/Soma/Perikaryon 202
B. Dendrite 202
C. Axon 202
II. Neuroglia 202
A. CNS 202
B. PNS 202
III. Spinal Cord 202
A. White Matter (Outer Layer) 202
B. Gray Matter (Core) 202
IV. Brain 202
A. Gray Matter (Outer Layer) 202
B. White Matter (Core) 202
C. Ventricles 203
D. Meninges 203
V. Dorsal Root Ganglia 203
VI. Peripheral Nerve 203
A. Longitudinal Section 203
B. Transverse Section 203
Chapter Review Questions 204
CHAPTER 9 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 205
Cardiovascular System 206
Histologic Layers of Blood Vessels 206
Heart 206
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 9-1
208
Arteries 208
Elastic Arteries 208
Muscular Arteries 209
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 9-2
210
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 9-3
210Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 9-4
210
Arterioles 210
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 9-5
211
Capillaries 211
CLINICAL CONSIDERATION 9-6
214
Veins 214
Lymph Vascular System 215
PLATE
9-1A Elastic Artery 216
9-1B Elastic Artery 217
9-2A Muscular Artery, Vein 218
9-2B Muscular Artery and Large Vein 219
9-3A Arterioles and Venules 220
9-3B Capillaries and Lymph Vessels 221
9-4A Heart: Endocardium and Myocardium 222
9-4B Heart Valve 223
9-5 Capillary, Transmission Electron Microscopy 224
9-6 Freeze Etch, Fenestrated Capillary, Electron Microscopy 225
Selected Review of Histologic Images 226
Review Plate 9-1A 226
Review Plate 9-1B 227
Review Plate 9-2 228
Summary of Histologic Organization 229
I. Elastic Artery (Conducting Artery) 229
A. Tunica Intima 229
B. Tunica Media 229
C. Tunica Adventitia 229
II. Muscular Artery (Distributing Artery) 229
A. Tunica Intima 229
B. Tunica Media 229
C. Tunica Adventitia 229
III. Arterioles 229
A. Tunica Intima 229
B. Tunica Media 229
C. Tunica Adventitia 229
IV. Capillaries 229
V. Venules 229
A. Tunica Intima 229
B. Tunica Media 230
C. Tunica Adventitia 230
VI. Medium-Sized Veins 230
A. Tunica Intima 230
B. Tunica Media 230
C. Tunica Adventitia 230
VII. Large Veins 230Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.
B. Tunica Media 230
C. Tunica Adventitia 230
VIII. Heart 230
IX. Lymphatic Vessels 230
Chapter Review Questions 231
CHAPTER 10 LYMPHOID (IMMUNE) SYSTEM 232
General Plan of the Immune System 233
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 10-1
235
Antibodies 236
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 10-2
236
Immune Response 237
Cells of the Adaptive and Innate Immune Systems 237
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 10-3
237
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 10-4
240
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 10-5
240
Diffuse Lymphoid Tissue 241
Lymphoid Follicles (Lymphoid Nodules) 241
Lymphoid Organs 242
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 10-6
243
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 10-7
244
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 10-8
244
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 10-9
246
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 10-10
248
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 10-11
248
PLATE
10-1A Lymphatic Infiltration 249
10-1B Lymphoid Nodules 250
10-2A Lymph Node 251
10-2B Lymph Node 252
10-3A Lymph Node 253
10-3B Tonsils 254
10-4 Lymph Node, Electron Microscopy 255
10-5A Thymus 256
10-5B Thymus 257
10-6A Spleen 258
10-6B Spleen 259
Selected Review of Histologic Images 260
Review Plate 10-1A 260
Review Plate 10-1B 261
Review Plate 10-2A 262
Review Plate 10-2B 263
Summary of Histologic Organization 264
I. Lymph Node 264
A. Capsule 264Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.
C. Paracortex 264
D. Medulla 264
E. Reticular Fibers 264
II. Tonsils 264
A. Palatine Tonsils 264
B. Pharyngeal Tonsils 264
C. Lingual Tonsils 264
III. Spleen 265
A. Capsule 265
B. White Pulp 265
C. Marginal Zone 265
D. Red Pulp 265
E. Reticular Fibers 265
IV. Thymus 265
A. Capsule 265
B. Cortex 265
C. Medulla 265
D. Involution 265
E. Reticular Fibers and Sinusoids 265
Chapter Review Questions 266
CHAPTER 11 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 267
Pituitary Gland 268
Vascular Supply of the Pituitary Gland 270
Pars Anterior (Pars Distalis) 271
Pars Intermedia 272
Pars Tuberalis 272
Pars Nervosa and Infundibular Stalk 272
Thyroid Gland 274
Thyroid Hormone 274
Synthesis of Thyroid Hormone 274
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 11-1
275
Release of Thyroid Hormone 275
Parathyroid Glands 276
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 11-2
279
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 11-3
279
Suprarenal Glands 279
Cortex 279
Medulla 280
Pineal Gland 281
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 11-4
283
Mechanism of Hormonal Action 284
Nonsteroid-Based Hormones and Amino Acid Derivatives 284
Steroid-Based Hormones 285Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.
Selected Review of Histologic Images 286
Review Plate 1 1-1A 286
Review Plate 1 1-1B 287
Review Plate 1 1-2A 288
Review Plate 1 1-2B 289
Review Plate 1 1-3A 290
Review Plate 1 1-3B 291
Review Plate 1 1-4A 292
Review Plate 1 1-4B 293
Review Plate 1 1-5A 294
Review Plate 1 1-5B 295
Summary of Histologic Organization 296
I. Pituitary Gland 296
A. Adenohypophysis (Anterior Pituitary) 296
B. Neurohypophysis (Posterior Pituitary) 296
II. Thyroid Gland 296
A. Capsule 296
B. Parenchymal Cells 296
C. Connective Tissue 296
III. Parathyroid Gland 296
A. Capsule 296
B. Parenchymal Cells 297
C. Connective Tissue 297
IV. Suprarenal (Adrenal) Gland 297
A. Cortex 297
B. Medulla 297
V. Pineal Gland 297
A. Capsule 297
B. Parenchymal Cells 297
C. Brain Sand (Corpora Arenacea) 297
Chapter Review Questions 298
CHAPTER 12 INTEGUMENT 299
Skin 299
Epidermis 300
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 12-1
304
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 12-2
307
Dermis 307
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 12-3
308
Derivatives of Skin 308
Selected Review of Histologic Images 315
Review Plate 12-1A 315
Review Plate 12-1B 316Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.
Review Plate 12-1C 317
Review Plate 12-1C 318
Review Plate 12-1D 319
Summary of Histologic Organization 320
I. Skin 320
A. Epidermis 320
B. Dermis 320
II. Appendages 320
A. Hair 320
B. Sebaceous Glands 320
C. Arrector Pili Muscle 321
D. Sweat Glands 321
E. Nail 321
Chapter Review Questions 322
CHAPTER 13 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 323
Conducting Portion of the Respiratory System 324
Respiratory Epithelium 324
Extrapulmonary Region 324
Intrapulmonary Region 329
Respiratory Portion of the Respiratory System 330
Mechanism of Gaseous Exchange 334
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 13-1
335
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 13-2
338
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 13-3
338
CLINICAL CONSIDERATION 13-4
340
Selected Review of Histologic Images 341
Review Plate 13-1A 341
Review Plate 13-1B 342
Review Plate 13-1C 343
Summary of Histologic Organization 344
I. Conducting Portion 344
A. Nasal Cavity 344
B. Larynx 344
C. Trachea 344
D. Extrapulmonary Bronchi 344
E. Intrapulmonary Bronchi 344
F. Bronchioles 344
G. Terminal Bronchioles 344
II. Respiratory Portion 344
A. Respiratory Bronchiole 344
B. Alveolar Ducts 345
C. Alveolar Sacs 345
D. Alveolus 345
Chapter Review Questions 346Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.
CHAPTER 14 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM I 347
Oral Region: Oral Cavity 348
Oral Mucosa 348
Lips 348
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 14-1
350
Salivary Glands 350
Palate 350
Teeth 351
Structure of Teeth 351
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 14-2
352
Supporting Apparatus of the Tooth 352
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 14-3
353
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 14-4
354
Odontogenesis 354
Morphology of Odontogenesis 354
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 14-5
355
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 14-6
356
Tongue 357
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 14-7
358
Lingual Papillae 358
Taste Buds and Taste Perception 359
PLATE
14-1A Lip 360
14-1B Lip 361
14-2A Tooth 362
14-2B Pulp 363
14-3A Periodontal Ligament 364
14-3B Gingiva 365
14-4A Tooth Development 366
14-4B Tooth Development 367
14-5A Tongue 368
14-5A Tongue 369
14-6A Tongue 370
14-6B Palate 371
14-7A Teeth 372
14-7B Nasal Aspect of the Hard Palate 373
14-8 Scanning Electron Micrograph of Tooth Enamel 374
14-9 Scanning Electron Micrograph of Tooth Dentin 375
Selected Review of Histologic Images 376
Review Plate 14-1A 376
Review Plate 14-1B 377
Review Plate 14-2 378
Summary of Histologic Organization 379
I. Lips 379
A. External Surface 379Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.
B. Transitional Zone 379
C. Mucous Membrane 379
D. Core of the Lip 379
II. Teeth 379
A. Enamel 379
B. Dentin 379
C. Cementum 379
D. Pulp 379
III. Gingiva 379
IV. Tongue 379
A. Oral Region (Anterior Two-Thirds) 379
B. Pharyngeal Region (Posterior One-Third) 380
V. Palate 380
VI. Tooth Development 380
Chapter Review Questions 381
CHAPTER 15 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM II 382
Layers of the Wall of the Alimentary Canal 383
Mucosa 383
Submucosa 383
Muscularis Externa 385
Serosa or Adventitia 385
Regions of the Alimentary Canal 385
Esophagus 385
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 15-1
386
Stomach 387
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 15-2
387
Small Intestine 391
Large Intestine 392
Rectum, Anal Canal, and Appendix 393
Progress of Food Through the Alimentary Canal 393
Microbiota of the Large Intestine 395
Digestion and Absorption 395
Carbohydrates 395
Proteins 395
Lipids 395
Water and Ions 395
Composition of Feces 395
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 15-3
396
PLATE
15-1A Esophagus 397
15-1B Esophagus and Esophagogastric Junction 398
15-2A Stomach 399
15-2B Stomach 400
15-3A Stomach 401Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.
15-4A Duodenum 403
15-4B Duodenum 404
15-5A Jejunum 405
15-5B Ileum 406
15-6A Colon 407
15-6B Appendix 408
15-7 Colon, Electron Microscopy 409
15-8 Colon, Scanning Electron Microscopy 410
Selected Review of Histologic Images 411
Review Plate 15-1A 411
Review Plate 15-1B 412
Review Plate 15-2A 413
Review Plate 15-2B 414
Summary of Histologic Organization 415
I. Esophagus 415
A. Mucosa 415
B. Submucosa 415
C. Muscularis Externa 415
D. Adventitia 415
II. Stomach 415
A. Mucosa 415
B. Submucosa 415
C. Muscularis Externa 415
D. Serosa 416
III. Small Intestine 416
A. Mucosa 416
B. Submucosa 416
C. Muscularis Externa 416
D. Serosa 416
IV. Large Intestine 416
A. Colon 416
B. Appendix 416
C. Anal Canal 417
Chapter Review Questions 418
CHAPTER 16 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM III 419
Major Salivary Glands 420
Parotid Gland 421
Submandibular Gland 421
Sublingual Gland 421
Pancreas 422
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 16-1
423
Vascular Supply of the Pancreas 423
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 16-2
425
Exocrine Pancreas 425Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.
Liver 425
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 16-3
426
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 16-4
427
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 16-5
428
Kupffer Cells and Perisinusoidal Stellate Cells 428
Perisinusoidal Space (Space of Disse) 428
Hepatocytes 428
Functions of the Liver 428
Gallbladder 430
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 16-6
431
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 16-7
432
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 16-8
432
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 16-9
433
PLATE
16-1A Salivary Glands 434
16-1B Salivary Glands 435
16-2A Pancreas 436
16-2B Pancreas 437
16-3A Liver 438
16-3B Liver 439
16-4A Liver 440
16-4B Gallbladder 441
16-5 Salivary Gland, Electron Microscopy 442
16-6 Liver, Electron Microscopy 443
16-7 Pancreatic Islet of Langerhans, Electron Microscopy 444
Selected Review of Histologic Images 445
Review Plate 16-1A 445
Review Plate 16-1B 446
Review Plate 16-2A 447
Review Plate 16-2B 448
Summary of Histologic Organization 449
I. Major Salivary Glands 449
A. Parotid Gland 449
B. Submandibular Gland 449
C. Sublingual Gland 449
II. Pancreas 449
III. Liver 449
A. Capsule 449
B. Lobules 449
IV. Gallbladder 449
A. Epithelium 449
B. Lamina Propria 450
C. Muscularis Externa 450
D. Serosa 450
Chapter Review Questions 451Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.
CHAPTER 17 URINARY SYSTEM 452
Kidney 454
Uriniferous Tubule 454
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 17-1
459
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 17-2
459
Concentration of Urine in the Nephron (Countercurrent
Multiplier System)
461
Function of the Vasa Recta (Countercurrent Exchange System) 461
Collecting Tubules 461
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 17-3
462
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 17-4
462
Extrarenal Excretory Passages 463
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 17-5
463
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 17-6
464
PLATE
17-1A Kidney, Survey and General Morphology 465
17-1B Kidney Cortex and Its Vascular Supply 466
17-2A Renal Cortex 467
17-2B Renal Cortex 468
17-3 Glomerulus, Scanning Electron Microscopy 469
17-4 Renal Corpuscle, Electron Microscopy 470
17-5A Renal Medulla 471
17-5B Renal Medulla 472
17-6A Ureter 473
17-6B Urinary Bladder 474
Selected Review of Histologic Images 475
Review Plate 17-1A 475
Review Plate 17-1B 476
Review Plate 17-2 477
Summary of Histologic Organization 478
I. Kidney 478
A. Capsule 478
B. Cortex 478
C. Medulla 478
D. Renal Pelvis 478
II. Extrarenal Passages 478
A. Ureter 478
B. Bladder 478
Chapter Review Questions 479
CHAPTER 18 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 480
Ovary 481
Ovarian Follicles 481
Corpus Luteum and Corpus Albicans 485
Genital Ducts 485Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.
Fertilization and Implantation 490
Placenta 491
Fetal Component 491
Maternal Component 492
Vagina 494
External Genitalia 495
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 18-1
495
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 18-2
496
Mammary Gland 497
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 18-3
497
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 18-4
501
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 18-5
501
PLATE
18-1 Ovary and Corpus Luteum 502
18-2 Ovary and Oviduct 503
18-3 Oviduct, Electron Microscopy 504
18-4 Uterus 505
18-5 Uterus 506
18-6 Mammary Gland 507
Selected Review of Histologic Images 508
Review Plate 18-1A 508
Review Plate 18-1B 509
Review Plate 18-2A 510
Review Plate 18-2B 511
Summary of Histologic Organization 512
I. Ovary 512
A. Cortex 512
B. Medulla 512
C. Corpus Luteum 512
D. Corpus Albicans 512
II. Genital Ducts 512
A. Oviduct 512
B. Uterus 512
C. Placenta 513
D. Vagina 513
E. Mammary Glands 513
Chapter Review Questions 514
CHAPTER 19 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 515
Testes 516
Seminiferous Tubules 516
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 19-1
518
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 19-2
518
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 19-3
520
Genital Ducts 520Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.
CLINICAL CORRELATIONS 19-5
523
Accessory Genital Glands 523
Seminal Vesicle 523
Prostate Gland 523
Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s Glands) 524
Urethra 524
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 19-6
525
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 19-7
526
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 19-8
526
Penis 526
Erection 526
Ejaculation 526
PLATE
19-1A Testis 527
19-1B Testis 528
19-2A Testis 529
19-2B Epididymis 530
19-3A Epididymis and Ductus Deferens 531
19-3B Seminal Vesicle 532
19-4A Prostate 533
19-4B Penis and Urethra 534
19-5 Epididymis, Electron Microscopy 535
Selected Review of Histologic Images 536
Review Plate 19-1A 536
Review Plate 19-1B 537
Review Plate 19-2A 538
Review Plate 19-2B 539
Summary of Histologic Organization 540
I. Testes 540
A. Capsule 540
B. Seminiferous Tubules 540
C. Stroma 540
II. Genital Ducts 540
A. Tubuli Recti 540
B. Rete Testis 540
C. Epididymis 540
D. Ductus (Vas) Deferens 540
III. Accessory Glands 540
A. Seminal Vesicles 540
B. Prostate Gland 540
C. Bulbourethral Glands 541
IV. Penis 541
V. Urethra 541
A. Epithelium 541
B. Lamina Propria 541Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.
CHAPTER 20 SPECIAL SENSES 543
Eye 543
Fibrous Tunic 544
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 20-1
546
Vascular Tunic 547
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 20-2
548
Retinal Tunic 548
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 20-3
549
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 20-4
550
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 20-5
554
Accessory Structures of the Eye 554
Ear 554
External and Middle Ear 554
Inner Ear 554
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 20-6
560
Selected Review of Histologic Images 561
Review Plate 20-1A 561
Review Plate 20-1B 562
Review Plate 20-2A 563
Review Plate 20-2B 564
Summary of Histologic Organization 565
I. Eye 565
A. Fibrous Tunic 565
B. Vascular Tunic 565
C. Retinal Tunic 565
D. Lens 566
E. Lacrimal Gland 566
F. Eyelid 566
II. Ear 566
A. External Ear 566
B. Middle Ear 566
C. Inner Ear 566
Chapter Review Questions 568
Appendix A 573
Appendix B 592
Index 594
