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Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Contributors
Section I. Essential Renal Anatomy and Physiology
1. Renal Anatomy
Structure of the Kidney
Collecting Duct System
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Kidney Interstitium
2. Renal Physiology
Glomerular Structure and Ultrastructure
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Renal Plasma Flow
Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration Rate
Tubular Transport
Transport in Specific Nephron Segments
Glomerulotubular Balance
Countercurrent System
Vasopressin (Antidiuretic Hormone) and Water Reabsorption
Integrated Control of Kidney Function
Section II. Investigation of Renal Disease
3. Assessment of Glomerular Filtration Rate
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Measurement and Estimation of the Glomerular Filtration Rate
Clearance Measurements
Estimation of the Glomerular Filtration Rate
Creatinine
Cystatin C
Urea and Other Metabolites
Other Low-Molecular-Weight Serum Proteins
Clinical Application of Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate
Living Kidney Donor Candidates
Drug Dosing
4. Urinalysis
Definition
Urine Sample
Physical Characteristics
Chemical Characteristics
Urine Microscopy
Interpretation of Urine Sediment Findings
Automated Analysis of Urine Sediment
5. Point of Care Ultrasound in Nephrology
Definition and Scope
Basic Physics and Instrumentation
Kidney and Bladder Ultrasound
Focused Cardiac Ultrasound
Ultrasound of the Lung and Pleura
Arterial and Venous Doppler of the Kidney and Other Organs
6. Radiologic and Nuclear Imaging in Nephrology
Ultrasound
Renal Artery Duplex Scanning
Contrast-Enhanced and Three-Dimensional Ultrasound
Plain Radiography and Fluoroscopy
Retrograde Pyelography
Antegrade Pyelography
Imaging Ileal Conduits
Cystography
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate
Angiography
Renal Venography
Nuclear Scintigraphy
Positron Emission Tomography
Molecular Imaging
Radiologic Contrast Agents
7. Kidney Biopsy
Indications for Kidney Biopsy
Value of Kidney Biopsy
Prebiopsy Evaluation
Kidney Biopsy Technique
Complications of Kidney Biopsy
Section III. Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders
8. Disorders of Extracellular Volume
Extracellular Fluid Compartment
Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Homeostasis
Extracellular Fluid Volume Contraction
Extracellular Fluid Volume Expansion
9. Disorders of Water Metabolism
Physiology Of Water Balance
Vasopressin
Quantitation Of Renal Water Excretion
Serum Sodium Concentration, Osmolality, And Tonicity
Estimation Of Total Body Water
Hyponatremic Disorders
Hypernatremic Disorders
10. Disorders of Potassium Metabolism
Introduction
Normal Physiology of Potassium Metabolism
Hypokalemia
Hyperkalemia
11. Disorders of Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium Metabolism
Calcium Homeostasis And Disorders Of Calcium Metabolism
Hypercalcemia
Hypocalcemia
Phosphate Homeostasis
Hyperphosphatemia
Hypophosphatemia
Magnesium Homeostasis And Disorders Of Magnesium Metabolism
Hypomagnesemia And Magnesium Deficiency
12. Normal Acid-Base Balance
Definition
Net Acid Production
Buffer Systems in Regulation of pH
Respiratory System In Regulation Of pH
Kidney Regulation of pH
Kidney Transport Mechanisms of Hydrogen and Bicarbonate Ions
Regulation of Kidney Acidification
13. Metabolic Acidosis
Definition
Non–Anion Gap (Normal Anion Gap) Metabolic Acidosis
Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
Alkali Treatment of Metabolic Acidosis
14. Metabolic Alkalosis
Respiratory Compensation
Serum Chloride Concentration and Metabolic Alkalosis
Pathogenesis: Generation and Maintenance of Metabolic Alkalosis
Metabolic Alkaloses: Etiologic Classification Based on ECF Volume Status
Other Metabolic Alkaloses
Diagnostic Approach to Metabolic Alkalosis
Treatment
15. Respiratory Acidosis, Respiratory Alkalosis, and Mixed Acid-Base Disorders
Respiratory Acidosis
Pathophysiology of Respiratory Acidosis
Response to Respiratory Acidosis
Bicarbonate Buffering System
KIDNEY Response to Respiratory Acidosis
Respiratory Alkalosis
Pathophysiology
Response to Respiratory Alkalosis
Mixed Acid-Base Disorders
Metabolic Acidosis and Respiratory Acidosis
Metabolic Acidosis and Respiratory Alkalosis
Metabolic Alkalosis and Respiratory Alkalosis
Metabolic Alkalosis and Respiratory Acidosis
Mixed Metabolic Acidosis
Metabolic Acidosis and Metabolic Alkalosis
Triple Acid-Base Disorders
Section IV. Glomerular Disease
16. Introduction to Glomerular Disease: Clinical Presentations
Definition
Clinical Evaluation of Glomerular Disease
Asymptomatic Urine Abnormalities
Macrohematuria
Nephrotic Syndrome
Nephritic Syndrome
Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
Progressive Chronic Kidney Disease
Treatment of Glomerular Disease
17. Introduction to Glomerular Disease: Histologic Classification and Pathogenesis
Histologic Classification
Histopathology
General Mechanisms of Glomerular Injury
Pathogenesis of Specific Glomerular Syndromes
18. Minimal Change Disease
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Tests
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Natural History of Minimal Change Disease
Treatment
Minimal Change Disease with Nonnephrotic Proteinuria
19. Primary and Secondary (Nongenetic) Causes of Focal and Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
Introduction
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Classification of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Pathology
Natural History and Prognosis
Treatment
Kidney Transplantation
20. Inherited Causes of Nephrotic Syndrome
Introduction
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Recurrence
Future Directions
21. Membranous Nephropathy
Definition
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology and Genetics
Clinical and Serologic Manifestations
Pathology
Natural History and Prognosis
Treatment
Future Directions
22. Immunoglobulin-Mediated Glomerulonephritis With a Membranoproliferative Pattern of Injury and Cryoglobulinemic Glomerulonephritis
Immunoglobulin-Mediated Glomerulonephritis with a Membranoproliferative Pattern of Injury
Cryoglobulinemic Glomerulonephritis
23. Glomerulonephritis Associated With Complement Disorders
C3 Glomerulopathy
24. Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy and Immunoglobulin A Vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein Purpura)
IgA Nephropathy
IgA Vasculitis
25. Anti–Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease and Goodpasture Disease
Etiology And Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Pathology
Differential Diagnosis
Natural History
Treatment
Transplantation
Alport Syndrome Posttransplant Anti–Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease
26. Renal and Systemic Vasculitis
Definition
Small-Vessel Pauci-Immune Vasculitis
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Kawasaki Disease
Takayasu Arteritis and Giant Cell Arteritis
Covid and Management of Vasculitis
27. Lupus Nephritis
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Lupus Nephritis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Kidney Biopsy in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Pathology
Treatment
Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome, Atherosclerosis, and Pregnancy in Lupus Nephritis
End-Stage Kidney Disease and Kidney Replacement Therapy
28. Monoclonal Immunoglobulin–Related Glomerular Diseases and Renal Amyloidosis
Monoclonal Gammopathy of Renal/Clinical Significance
Glomerulopathies With Organized Monoclonal Immunoglobulin Deposits
Immunotactoid Glomerulopathy (GOMMID)
Glomerulopathies With Nonorganized Monoclonal Immunoglobulin Deposits
Renal Amyloidosis
29. Rare Glomerular Disorders
Mesangial Proliferative Glomerulonephritis Without Immunoglobulin A Deposits
Glomerulonephritis with Rheumatic, Collagen-Vascular, or Connective Tissue Disease
Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome
Other Uncommon Glomerular Disorders
30. Thrombotic Microangiopathies, Including Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Definitions
Laboratory Findings
Pathology
Mechanisms, Clinical Features, and Management of Specific Forms of Thrombotic Microangiopathy
Secondary Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Section V. Diabetic Kidney Disease
31. Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Natural History of Diabetic Kidney Disease
Introduction
Pathogenesis of Diabetic Kidney Disease
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations and Natural History
Kidney Pathology
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
32. Prevention and Treatment of Diabetic Kidney Disease
Introduction
Diabetic Kidney Disease in Type 1 Diabetes
Diabetic Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes
RAAS Blockade
Treatment of Dyslipidemia
Nonpharmacologic Interventions
Emerging Treatments For Diabetic Kidney Disease
Endothelin Receptor Antagonists
Selective Apoptosis Signal-Regulating Kinase 1 Inhibitor
33. Management of Patients With Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease
Diagnostic Considerations
General Management Considerations
Monitoring Diabetic Kidney Disease
Management Of Glycemia
Management Of Hypertension
Additional Approaches to Slowing CKD Progression In Diabetes
Microvascular Complications Of Diabetes
Complications Of Chronic Kidney Disease
End-Stage Kidney Disease
Section VI. Hypertension
34. Normal Blood Pressure Control and the Evaluation of Hypertension
Normal Blood Pressure Control
Definition and Classification of Hypertension
Evaluation of Hypertension
35. Primary Hypertension
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Pathology
Diagnosis
Natural History
36. Nonpharmacologic Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension
Prevention
Weight Loss
Physical Activity and Exercise Training
Diet
Smoking
Alcohol
Caffeine
Psychological Stress
Adopting Lifestyle Modifications
37. Pharmacologic Treatment of Hypertension
Defining Who Should Receive Pharmacologic Treatment for Hypertension
Blood Pressure Treatment Goals
Guide to Selection of Antihypertensive Agents
38. Evaluation and Treatment of Hypertensive Urgencies and Emergencies
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Treatment
39. Endocrine Causes of Hypertension: Aldosterone
Introduction
Etiology And Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Evaluation And Differential Diagnosis
Natural History
Treatment
40. Other Endocrine Causes of Hypertension
Cushing Syndrome
Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma
Adrenal Incidentaloma
Renin-Secreting Tumor
Acromegaly
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
41. Neurogenic Hypertension, Including Hypertension Associated With Stroke or Spinal Cord Injury
Physiology And Pathophysiology
Neurogenic Hypertension
Specific Syndromes
Summary
42. Blood Pressure Management in the Dialysis Patient
Diagnosis
Epidemiology
Therapeutic Targets
Volume Management Strategies
Pharmacotherapy of Hypertension (Based on Interdialytic Measurements)
Section VII. Renovascular Disease
43. Renovascular Hypertension, Atherosclerotic Renal Vascular Disease, and Thromboembolic Kidney Disease
Normal Renovascular Anatomy
Clinical Syndromes Associated with Renal Vascular Disease
Renovascular Hypertension
Atherosclerotic Renovascular Disease or Ischemic Renal Disease
Renovascular Disease and Heart Failure and Unstable Cardiac Conditions
Imaging Renovascular Hypertension and Renal Artery Stenosis
Treatment of Fibromuscular Dysplasia and Atherosclerotic Renovascular Disease
Kidney Infarction
Atheroembolic Kidney Disease
Renal Vein Thrombosis
Section VIII. Pregnancy and Renal Disease
44. Kidney Physiology and Complications in Normal Pregnancy
Kidney Physiology in Normal Pregnancy
Anatomy
Hemodynamic Changes
Kidney Disease in Pregnancy
Urinalysis and Microscopy
Urinary Tract Infection
Kidney Stones
Hypertension in Pregnancy
Preeclampsia
Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy
Thrombotic Microangiopathy
Acute Kidney Injury
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
45. Pregnancy With Preexisting Kidney Disease
Adverse Effects of Chronic Kidney Disease on Pregnancy Outcomes
Management Common to All Pregnancies With Preexisting Kidney Disease
Kidney Biopsy in Pregnancy
Superimposed Preeclampsia
Assessment of Fetal Well-Being
Timing of Delivery
Course of Chronic Kidney Disease During and After Pregnancy
Management of Common Kidney Disorders During Pregnancy
Hemodialysis in Pregnancy
Kidney Transplantation and Pregnancy
Pregnancy in The Kidney Donor
Summary
Section IX. Hereditary and Congenital Diseases of the Kidney
46. Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
Definition
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Phenotypic Variability
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Clinical Manifestations
Pathology
Treatment
Novel Therapies
Transplantation
47. Other Cystic Kidney Diseases
Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease
Nephronophthisis: Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease
Medullary Sponge Kidney
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease
Simple Cysts
Solitary Multilocular Cysts
Kidney Lymphangiomatosis
Glomerulocystic Kidney Disease
Acquired Cystic Disease
48. Alport Syndrome and Other Familial Glomerular Syndromes
Alport Syndrome
Hereditary Angiopathy With Nephropathy, Aneurysms, and Cramps (Hanac Syndrome)
Fabry Disease (Anderson-Fabry Disease)
Nail-Patella Syndrome
49. Inherited Disorders of Sodium and Water Handling
Introduction
Physiology Of Sodium And Water Reabsorption
Disorders Of Sodium Handling
Conditions With Hypokalemia, Metabolic Alkalosis, And Low-NORMAL BP
Conditions With Hypokalemia, Metabolic Alkalosis, And Hypertension
Conditions With Hyponatremia, Hyperkalemia, Metabolic Acidosis, And Normal Blood Pressure
Conditions With Hyperkalemia, Metabolic Acidosis, And Hypertension
50. Fanconi Syndrome and Other Proximal Tubule Disorders
Fanconi Syndrome
Inherited Causes Of Fanconi Syndrome
Acquired Causes of Fanconi Syndrome
Familial Glucose-Galactose Malabsorption and Hereditary Renal Glycosuria
Aminoacidurias
Hereditary Defects In Uric Acid Handling
51. Sickle Cell Diseases and the Kidney
Sickle Cell Disease
Sickle Cell Nephropathy
Clinical Manifestations Of Sickle Cell Nephropathy
Urinary Tract Infections
Clinical Syndromes Of Kidney Impairment
Investigation and Management Of Sickle Cell Nephropathy
Kidney Replacement Therapy
Sickle Cell Trait and Chronic Kidney Disease
52. Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract
Clinical Principles
Development of The Kidneys and Urinary Tract
Pathogenesis
Kidney Parenchymal Malformations
Collecting System Abnormalities
Bladder and Outflow Disorders
General Management of Congenital Kidney and Urinary Tract Abnormalities
Complications
End-Stage Kidney Disease and Transplantation
Section X. Infectious Diseases and the Kidney
53. Urinary Tract Infections in Adults
Definition
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Etiologic Agents
Clinical Syndromes
Imaging of the Urinary Tract
54. Tuberculosis of the Urinary Tract
Definition
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Pathology
Diagnosis
Management of Urogenital Tuberculosis
55. Fungal Infections of the Urinary Tract
Candida
Other Yeasts
Aspergillus and Other Molds
Endemic Fungi
56. The Kidney in Schistosomiasis
Introduction
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Coinfection
Schistosoma mansoni Glomerulonephritis
Treatment
57. Glomerular Diseases Associated With Infection
Bacterial Infections
Viral Infections
Parasitic Infections
58. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and the Kidney
Introduction
Epidemiology of HIV Chronic Kidney Disease
HIV-Associated Nephropathy
Other Glomerular Disorders
Other Glomerular Disorders
Systemic Inflammation and Arterionephrosclerosis
Tubular Disorders
Nephrotoxicity and Dosing of ART and Associated Drugs
Antiretroviral Therapy Dosing in Chronic Kidney Disease
End-Stage Kidney Disease
Evaluation For Kidney Disease
59. Kidney Diseases Associated With Coronaviruses
Introduction
SARS-CoV-2 and Viral Pathogenesis
Does SARS-CoV-2 Infect the kidney?
COVID-19 Acute Kidney Injury
COVID-19–Associated Glomerular Diseases
COVID-19 in Patients With Kidney Failure Requiring Chronic Dialysis
COVID-19 in Kidney Transplant Recipients
Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors in COVID-19
Anti–SARS-CoV-2 Therapies and Vaccines in Patients With Kidney Disease
Conclusions
Section XI. Urologic Disorders
60. Nephrolithiasis and Nephrocalcinosis
Nephrolithiasis
Specific Types of Stones
Nephrocalcinosis
61. Urinary Tract Obstruction
Definitions
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Histopathologic Changes
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Natural History
Treatment
62. Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux and Reflux Nephropathy
Introduction
Classification
Epidemiology
Embryology and Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Natural History of Vesicoureteral Reflux and Reflux Nephropathy
Treatment
63. Urologic Issues for the Nephrologist
Advances in Management of Kidney Stones
Urinary Tract Obstruction
Specific Types of Obstruction
Investigation of Hematuria
Investigation and Management of a Kidney Mass
Section XII. Tubulointerstitial and Vascular Diseases
64. Acute Interstitial Nephritis
Definition
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Drug-Induced Acute Interstitial Nephritis
Acute Interstitial Nephritis Secondary to Infectious Diseases
Acute Interstitial Nephritis Associated With Systemic Diseases
Acute Interstitial Nephritis Associated With Malignancy
Idiopathic Acute Interstitial Nephritis
Acute Interstitial Nephritis In Kidney Transplants
65. Chronic Interstitial Nephritis
Definition
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Drug-Induced Chronic Interstitial Nephritis
Chronic Interstitial Nephritis Caused by Metabolic Disorders
Chronic Interstitial Nephritis Caused by Hereditary Diseases of the Kidney
Chronic Interstitial Nephritis Associated With Heavy Metal Exposure
Radiation Nephritis
Interstitial Nephritis Mediated By Immunologic Mechanisms
Obstructive Uropathy
Vascular Diseases
Infection-Associated Chronic Interstitial Nephritis
66. Endemic Nephropathies
Mesoamerican Nephropathy
Sri Lankan Nephropathy
Other Endemic Nephropathies
Potential Role of Climate Change and Global Warming
Section XIII. Renal Disease and Cancer
67. Oncology: Kidney Disease in Cancer Patients
Cancer And Kidney Disease
Acute Kidney Injury
Chronic Kidney Disease
Mortality in Cancer Patients With Kidney Disease
Important Malignancies Associated With Kidney Disease
Anticancer Drugs and Kidney Disease
Metabolic Complications
Cancer-Related Glomerulonephritis
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Cancer Therapy in Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Kidney Disease
68. Myeloma and the Kidney
Etiology and Pathogenesis of Myeloma
Etiology and Pathogenesis of Kidney Disease in Myeloma
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Pathology
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Natural History
Treatment
Dialysis and Transplantation
69. Kidney Disease in Liver, Cardiac, Lung, and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Generic Kidney Issues in Nonrenal Solid Organ Transplantation
Kidney Disease in Liver Transplantation
Kidney Disease in Cardiac Transplantation
Kidney Disease in Lung Transplantation
Kidney Disease in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Section XIV. Acute Kidney Injury
70. Pathophysiology and Etiology of Acute Kidney Injury
Definition
Etiology
Pathophysiology and Etiology of Prerenal AKI
Pathophysiology of ATI
Acute Cortical Necrosis
Pathophysiology and Etiology of Postrenal AKI
Nephrotoxic Agents and Mechanisms of Toxicity
Other Specific Etiologies of AKI
Specific Clinical Situations
71. Acute Kidney Injury in the Tropics
Snakebite
Arthropods
Natural Medicine
Malaria
Leptospirosis
Hemorrhagic Fevers
72. Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Acute Kidney Injury
Early Detection of Acute Kidney Injury
Diagnostic Approach To Acute Kidney Injury
Clinical Assessment
Diagnostic Evaluation
Acute Kidney Injury In Specific Settings
73. Epidemiology and Prognostic Impact of Acute Kidney Injury and Acute Kidney Disease
Incidence Of Acute Kidney Injury
Risk Factors For AKI
Association Between AKI and Adverse Outcomes
AKI As A Public Health Issue
74. Prevention and Nondialytic Management of Acute Kidney Injury
Risk Assessment
Primary Preventive Measures
Treatment Of Acute Kidney Injury
Treatment Of Acute Kidney Injury Complications
75. Extracorporeal Therapies for Acute Kidney Injury and Heart Failure
Essentials Of Acute Kidney Replacement Therapy
Acute Kidney Replacement Therapy Modalities
Operational Aspects Of Acute Kidney Replacement Therapy
Extracorporeal Kidney Therapy In Heart Failure And Mechanical Circulatory And Ventilatory Support
76. Hepatorenal Syndrome
Definition
Pseudohepatorenal Syndrome
Pathophysiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Pathology
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Natural History
Prevention and Treatment
Section XV. Drug Therapy in Kidney Disease
77. Principles of Drug Therapy, Dosing, and Prescribing in Chronic Kidney Disease and Kidney Replacement Therapy
Pharmacokinetic Principles
Prescribing Principles For Chronic Kidney Disease And Kidney Replacement Therapy
Methods Of Dose Reduction In Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
Extracorporeal Drug Losses
Polypharmacy and Deprescribing
78. Common Issues in Prescribing in Kidney Disease and Kidney Replacement Therapy
Analgesics
Antimicrobial Agents
Antivirals
Immunosuppressants
Chemotherapy and Cytotoxic Agents
Anticoagulants, Antiplatelet Agents, Thrombolytics, And Hemostatics
Diuretics
Antihypertensives
Antianginal Agents
Antiarrhythmics
Lipid-Lowering Agents
Diabetes
Drugs For Thyroid Disorders
Mineral And Bone Disorders
Dyspepsia, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, And Peptic Ulcers
Antiemetics
Aperients And Laxatives
Antidiarrheals
Drugs For Erectile Dysfunction
Musculoskeletal Drugs
Antiepileptics
Antiparkinsonian Drugs
Antimigraine Drugs
Psychotropic Drugs
Anemia Drugs
Antihistamines
Vaccines
Vitamin Supplementation
79. Herbal and Over-the-Counter Medicines and the Kidney
Herbal Medications And The Kidney
Aristolochic Acid Nephropathy
Kidney Injury Caused By Other Medicinals
Acute Kidney Injury
Other kidney Complications Of Herbal Remedies
Over-The-Counter Medicines And The Kidney
Section XVI. Chronic Kidney Disease and Uremic Syndrome
80. Epidemiology of Chronic Kidney Disease and Dialysis
Defining Chronic Kidney DiseasE
Global Burden of CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Risk Factors for CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Issues With Identifying CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Outcomes Of Chronic Kidney DiseasE
Dialysis Epidemiology
Epidemiologic Concepts
Evidence Quality
81. Pathophysiology of Disease Progression in Proteinuric and Nonproteinuric Kidney Disease
From Glomerular Hemodynamic Changes To Loss Of Charge- And Size-Selective Properties
Proximal Tubular Cell Injury
Interstitial Inflammation And Fibrosis
Primary Chronic Tubulointerstitial Injury
Conclusions
82. Slowing the Progression of Kidney Disease
Introduction
Techniques For Evaluating and Monitoring Key Indicators of Chronic Kidney Disease
Epidemiology and Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease
Risk Factors For Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease
Slowing Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease
83. Clinical Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease
Definitions
Clinical Presentation
Predicting Prognosis
Prevention of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression
Management of Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease
Care of the Patient With Progressive Chronic Kidney Disease
84. Pathogenesis and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease
Epidemiology
Etiology And Risk Factors
85. Practical Management of Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease
Prevention And Cardiovascular Risk Reduction
Coronary Artery Disease In Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
Heart Failure In Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
Arrhythmias In Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
Valvular Disease
86. Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology And Natural History
Diagnosis And Differential Diagnosis
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
87. Other Blood and Immune Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease
Immune Dysfunction
Inflammation
Immune Cell Abnormalities
Platelet Dysfunction And Platelet Inhibitors In Chronic Kidney Disease
Recombinant Activated Factor VII
Estrogens
Implications For Antiplatelet Agent Therapy
Circulating Coagulation Factors
Therapeutic Intervention
88. Bone and Mineral Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease
Definition
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Osteitis Fibrosa: Hyperparathyroidism—High-Turnover Renal Bone Disease
Low-Turnover (Adynamic) Bone Disease
Osteoporosis In Chronic Kidney Disease
ß2-Microglobulin–Derived Amyloid
89. Neurologic Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease
Uremic Encephalopathy
Peripheral Neuropathy
Autonomic Neuropathy
Cranial Neuropathies
Sleep Disorders
Restless Legs Syndrome (Ekbom Syndrome)
Neurologic Syndromes Associated With KIDNEY REPLACEMENT THERAPY
90. Nutrition in Chronic Kidney Disease
Lifestyle Advice: Nutrition
Estimation Of Intake
91. Dermatologic Manifestations of Chronic Kidney Disease
Uremic Pruritus
Immunomodulators And Immunosuppressive Agents
Bullous Dermatoses
Calcific Uremic Arteriolopathy (Calciphylaxis)
Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis
92. Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease and Malignant Neoplasms
Definition
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Pathology
Diagnosis And Differential Diagnosis
Natural History
Treatment
Cancer In Dialysis Patients
Section XVII. Geriatric and Palliative Nephrology
93. Geriatric Nephrology
Aging-Associated Changes In The Kidney
Aging-Associated Changes In Kidney Function
Assessment Of Glomerular Filtration Rate In The Elderly
Prevalence Of Chronic Kidney Disease In The Elderly
Risk Factors For Chronic Kidney Disease In The Elderly
Pathogenesis Of Age-Related Chronic Kidney Disease
Fluid And Electrolytes In Aging
Endocrine Function And Kidney Hormones
Clinical Manifestations
94. Palliative Nephrology
Prognosis
Communication And Shared Decision Making
Conservative Care
Dialysis Withdrawal
Symptom Control And Management Of Last Days
Section XVIII. Dialytic Therapies
95. Approach to Kidney Replacement Therapy
Prediction Of Kidney Failure
Multidisciplinary Care in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease
When Should Dialysis Be Started?
Choice Between Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis
Home Hemodialysis
Choice of Hemodialysis or Peritoneal Dialysis
Importance Of Dialysis Access
Decision Whether To Offer Kidney Replacement Therapy
Advising About Prognosis On Dialysis
Conservative Kidney Care
Individuals Who Do Not Want Dialysis
Disagreement About A Decision To Dialyze
Management Of Disruptive Individuals On Dialysis
Resuscitation And Withdrawal Of Dialysis
96. Vascular Access for Hemodialysis
ESKD Life-Plan
Evaluation Of The Patient For Vascular Access
Vascular Access Types
Nonautogenous Synthetic Vascular Access
Central Venous Catheter Access
Vascular Access Complications
97. Diagnostic and Interventional Nephrology
Peritoneal Dialysis Catheters
Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheters
Procedures On Arteriovenous Fistulas and Arteriovenous Grafts
98. Hemodialysis: Principles and Techniques
Dialyzer Designs And Membranes
Safety Monitors
Dialysate Fluid
Biocompatibility
Hemofiltration, Hemodiafiltration, And Internal Filtration And Backfiltration
Uremic Toxins And Their Removal By Hemodialysis
Additional Devices And Technologies
Home Hemodialysis
Dialysis Machine Choice And Other Equipment
Water Preparation, Standards, And Plumbing
Safety
Wearable Artificial Kidney
“Green” Hemodialysis
99. Hemodialysis: Dialysis Prex_scription and Adequacy
Assessment Of Dialysis Dose
Middle Molecule Removal
Prex_scription Of Hemodialysis
Dialysis Adequacy and Goal-Directed Dialysis
100. Acute Complications During Hemodialysis
Cardiovascular Complications
Neuromuscular Complications
Hematologic Complications
Pulmonary Complications
Technical Malfunctions
Dialysis Reactions
Miscellaneous Complications
101. Peritoneal Dialysis: Principles, Techniques, and Adequacy
Introduction
Advantages and Limitations of Peritoneal Dialysis
Principles of Peritoneal Dialysis
Types of Peritoneal Dialysis Fluid
Peritoneal Access
Peritoneal Dialysis Techniques
Peritoneal Solute Transport and Ultrafiltration
Assessing Peritoneal Membrane Function
Dose and Adequacy of Peritoneal Dialysis
Principles and Practice of Incremental Dialysis
102. Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis
Catheter Malfunction
Fluid Leaks
Pain Related To Peritoneal Dialysis
Infectious Complications
Membrane Dysfunction And Insufficient Ultrafiltration
Changes In Peritoneal Structure And Function
Nutritional And Metabolic Complications
103. Extracorporeal Therapies for Drug Overdose and Poisoning
When Should Extracorporeal Removal Be Considered?
Treatment Modalities
Extracorporeal Therapy For Specific Drugs And Poisons
104. Plasma Exchange
Techniques
Complications
Mechanisms Of Action
Indications For Plasma Exchange
Transplantation
Section XIX. Transplantation
105. Immunologic Principles in Kidney Transplantation
Introduction
Innate Immune System
Cells of the Immune System
Antigen-Presenting Cells
Major Histocompatibility Complex and Allorecognition
Transplantation Tolerance
106. Immunosuppressive Medications in Kidney Transplantation
Introduction
Small-Molecule Drugs
Biologic Agents
107. Evaluation and Preoperative Management of Kidney Transplant Recipient and Donor
Recipient Evaluation
Donor Evaluation
Compatibility and Immunologic Considerations
108. Kidney Transplantation Surgery
Sources of Kidneys for Transplantation
Donation After Brain Death Donors
Donation After Cardiac Death Donors
Living Kidney Donors
Kidney Preservation
Kidney Transplantation Procedure
Surgical Complications of Kidney Transplantation
Transplant Nephrectomy
109. Prophylaxis and Treatment of Kidney Transplant Rejection
Definition
Clinical Manifestations
Prophylaxis and Prevention
Treatment
Prognosis
Summary and Recommendations
110. Infections and Malignancies in the Kidney Transplant Recipient
Infectious Diseases
Management And Prophylactic Therapy For Selected Infections
Emerging Infectious Disease
Gastrointestinal Disease
Transplant-Associated Malignancy
111. Cardiovascular Disease and Metabolic Abnormalities in the Kidney Transplant Recipient
Cardiovascular Disease
Conventional Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors
Posttransplantation Diabetes Mellitus (New-Onset Diabetes After Transplantation)
Unconventional Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors
Common Laboratory Abnormalities
Bone And Mineral Metabolism After Kidney Transplantation
Gout
Outpatient Care
112. Chronic Allograft Injury
Definitions And Epidemiology
Pathogenesis: Nonimmunologic Factors
Pathogenesis: Immunologic Factors
Clinical Manifestations
Pathology
Diagnosis And Differential Diagnosis
113. Recurrent Disease in Kidney Transplantation
Definitions
Recurrent Glomerulonephritis
Recurrence Of Specific Glomerular Diseases
Amyloid, Light-Chain Disease, And Fibrillary And Immunotactoid Glomerulopathies
Recurrence Of Metabolic Diseases Affecting The Kidney Transplant
Recurrence Of Virus-Associated Nephropathies And Tumors In The Transplanted Kidney
114. Outcomes of Kidney Transplantation: Identification, Measures, and Evaluation
Introduction
Graft Health And Patient Survival
Complications: Malignancies And Infections
Malignancy
Infections
Patient-Reported Outcomes After Transplantation
Conclusion
Index
Self-Assessment Answers
